Correction and Retraction Policy

Lingkar keeps the published record accurate. When the reliability of a published article is questioned, the journal acts in line with the principles of COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) and informs readers through a clear, linked notice.

Types of Notice

Notice When it is used
Correction An error in the article, made by the authors or by the journal, that affects accuracy or interpretation but not the validity of the whole work (for example, a wrong value, label, affiliation, or reference).
Expression of concern Credible concerns about reliability or integrity exist and an investigation is still in progress or inconclusive.
Retraction The findings cannot be relied upon or the article breaches ethical standards (see the grounds below).

Grounds for Retraction

  • Unreliable findings: clear evidence that the findings are unreliable, through misconduct such as fabrication or falsification, or through honest error such as miscalculation or a flaw in the experiment.
  • Redundant publication: the findings were published elsewhere without proper cross-referencing, permission, or justification.
  • Plagiarism: the content was taken from other sources without acknowledgement.
  • Unethical research: the research was conducted unethically or without a required approval.
  • Fabricated references or undisclosed AI use: fabricated or unverifiable references, or AI-generated data or images presented as genuine, as set out in the Generative AI Policy.
  • Authorship misrepresentation: authors who were omitted or listed without contribution.

How a Case Is Handled

  1. A concern arrives from a reader, reviewer, author, or institution, through the process in Post-publication Discussion, or is found by the editorial office.
  2. The Editor-in-Chief acknowledges it and asks the authors to respond. Authors are given the opportunity to explain and, where relevant, to supply their data.
  3. The Editor-in-Chief decides with the editorial board whether to take no action, publish a correction, issue an expression of concern, or retract the article. Where needed, the authors' institution is asked to investigate.
  4. The notice is published in the journal, linked to the original article through its DOI, and states the reason and who requested it. The retracted article stays available and is clearly marked as retracted.

Authors who breach these standards may also face the sanctions listed in Publication Ethics.

Corrections that concern the journal's own errors in an article's presentation are made without delay once verified.