Hypno-NLP in Hindu Theological Education: Institutional Rationale, Cultural Adaptation, and Stakeholder Perceptions in Bali

Authors

  • I Gusti Lanang Agung Suandewa Universitas Hindu Negeri I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa Denpasar, Indonesia
  • I Nyoman Ananda Universitas Hindu Negeri I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa Denpasar, Indonesia
  • I Made Arsa Wiguna Universitas Hindu Negeri I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa Denpasar, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22373/jsai.v7i2.10230

Keywords:

Bali, Cultural Adaptation, Hindu Theological Education, Hypno-NLP, Pamangku, Religious Communication

Abstract

Little is known about how scientifically contested psychological approaches are incorporated into Hindu theological education. This study examines the institutional rationale for integrating Hypno-Neuro-Linguistic Programming (Hypno-NLP) into the Level 1 Hindu Theology Course at Pinandita Sanggraha Nusantara, Bali Regional Coordinating Unit (PSN Korwil Bali), its instructional and cultural adaptation, and stakeholders’ perceptions of its implications for religious authority, communication, and the internalization of Hindu values. A qualitative single-case study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with eight informants: one institutional leader, one instructor, four participants serving as Pamangku (Balinese Hindu ritual officiants), and two recipients of their religious services. The data also included four audiovisual course recordings totaling approximately seven hours and forty minutes and relevant institutional documents. The materials were analyzed thematically by comparing institutional, instructional, participant, community, observational, and documentary sources. The institution introduced Hypno-NLP to complement theological and ritual instruction with communication-oriented material. The course combined conceptual explanation, pre-talk, demonstrations, exercises, discussion, and reflection, adapted through Indonesian and Balinese, respectful forms of address, and examples from Hindu ritual contexts. Participants perceived selected elements as relevant to calmness, confidence, communicative flexibility, and interaction with devotees, while two service recipients positively described preliminary dialogue, ritual explanation, and religious advice. Religious communication was the most consistently perceived area of relevance; evidence concerning religious authority and value internalization remained limited and subjective. The findings do not establish causal, clinical, spiritual, or community-wide effects. They support a cautious distinction between generally applicable communication practices and contested claims concerning NLP, anchoring, and subconscious programming.

References

Akçabozan-Kayabol, Nazlı Büşra, Nurten Karacan Ozdemir, Oya Yerin Güneri, and Fidan Korkut-Owen. 2022. “Integrating Video-Modeling into Counseling Skills and Techniques Course and Its Impact on Counseling Self-Efficacy.” Current Psychology 41(12):8287–8299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02434-8.

Babb, Kathryn, and Laurie Campbell. 2023. “Counselors in Training Value of Experiential Learning Experiences: An Exploratory Analysis.” Experiential Learning and Teaching in Higher Education 6(1):67–78. https://doi.org/10.46787/elthe.v6i1.3593.

Baxter, Pamela, and Susan Jack. 2008. “Qualitative Case Study Methodology: Study Design and Implementation for Novice Researchers.” The Qualitative Report 13(4):544–559. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2008.1573.

Braun, Virginia, and Victoria Clarke. 2006. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3(2):77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.

Carter, Nancy, Denise Bryant-Lukosius, Alba DiCenso, Jennifer Blythe, and Alan J. Neville. 2014. “The Use of Triangulation in Qualitative Research.” Oncology Nursing Forum 41(5):545–547. https://doi.org/10.1188/14.ONF.545-547.

Elkins, Gary R., Arreed F. Barabasz, James R. Council, and David Spiegel. 2015. “Advancing Research and Practice: The Revised APA Division 30 Definition of Hypnosis.” International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 63(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207144.2014.961870.

Fox, Richard. 2015. “Why Do Balinese Make Offerings?” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 171(1):29–55. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-17101003.

Gaduh, Acyutananda Wayan, I Wayan Redi, I Made Pasek Subawa, Ida Bagus Subrahmaniam Saitya, and Hari Harsananda. 2022. “Meningkatkan Kualitas Mayarakat Hindu Melalui Pelatihan Pemangku dan Pemahaman Ajaran Agama Hindu di Desa Adat Yeh Embang Kangin, Kecamatan Mendoyo, Kabupaten Jembrana.” Sevanam: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 1(1):13–25. https://doi.org/10.25078/sevanam.v1i1.241.

Geagea, Dali, David Ogez, Roy Kimble, and Zephanie Tyack. 2024. “Redefining Hypnosis: A Narrative Review of Theories to Move towards an Integrative Model.” Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 54:101826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2023.101826.

Hodge, Adam S., Joshua N. Hook, Don E. Davis, and Mark R. McMinn. 2020. “Attitudes of Religious Leaders toward Integrating Psychology and Church Ministry.” Spirituality in Clinical Practice 7(1):18–33. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000200.

Jayadi, Lionarto Erson, Steven Phang, and Tri Wahyuningsih. 2024. “Integration of Pastoral Counseling in Theological Education: Qualitative Research in Building Counselor Competence.” Indonesian Journal of Religious 7(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.46362/ijr.v7i1.20.

Kotera, Yasuhiro, David Sheffield, and William Van Gordon. 2019. “The Applications of Neuro-Linguistic Programming in Organizational Settings: A Systematic Review of Psychological Outcomes.” Human Resource Development Quarterly 30(1):101–116. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21334.

Kranendonk, Jacob, Joshua N. Hook, Sabrina Zuniga, Adam S. Hodge, Daryl R. Van Tongeren, and Don E. Davis. 2025. “Integration of Psychology and Mental Health in the Work of Religious Leaders.” Journal of Psychology and Theology 53(3):245–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/00916471251346126.

Landry, Mathieu, Michael Lifshitz, and Amir Raz. 2017. “Brain Correlates of Hypnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analytic Exploration.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 81:75–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.020.

Lesmana, Cokorda Bagus Jaya, Luh Ketut Suryani, and Niko Tiliopoulos. 2022. “The Biobehavioural Effectiveness of Spiritual-Hypnosis-Assisted Therapy in PTSD with Childhood Trauma.” The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery 58(1):42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41983-022-00475-9.

Miseliunaite, Brigita, Irina Kliziene, and Gintautas Cibulskas. 2022. “Can Holistic Education Solve the World’s Problems: A Systematic Literature Review.” Sustainability 14(15):9737. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159737.

Nowell, Lorelli S., Jill M. Norris, Deborah E. White, and Nancy J. Moules. 2017. “Thematic Analysis: Striving to Meet the Trustworthiness Criteria.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 16(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847.

Oka Widana, Anak Agung Gde, Ketut Lisnawati, and Anak Agung Sri Sanjiwani. 2023. “Fungsionalisme Penanaman Tattwa Kualitas Pelaksanaan Yajña bagi Generasi Muda Hindu Menurut Kesusastraan Dewa Tattwa.” Kamaya: Jurnal Ilmu Agama 6(3):261–280. https://doi.org/10.37329/kamaya.v6i3.2647.

Oka Widana, Anak Agung Gde. 2025. “Causal Euphoria Ritual Yajña (CERiYa) di Kalangan Generasi Muda Hindu di Bali.” Jurnal Penelitian Agama Hindu 9(2):173–195. https://doi.org/10.37329/jpah.v9i2.4113.

Passmore, Jonathan, and Tatiana S. Rowson. 2019. “Neuro-Linguistic Programming: A Critical Review of NLP Research and the Application of NLP in Coaching.” International Coaching Psychology Review 14(1):57–69. https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/91275/.

Raharjo, Sukirno Hadi, Ketut Budiastra, and Untung Suhardi. 2023. “Fenomena Generasi Muda dalam Aktivitas Ritual Keagamaan Hindu di Pura Parahyangan Jagat Guru Tangerang Selatan (Studi Hiperealitas Jean Boudrilard).” Jurnal Penelitian Agama Hindu 7(4):478–493. https://doi.org/10.37329/jpah.v7i4.2680.

Sharpley, Christopher F. 1987. “Research Findings on Neurolinguistic Programming: Nonsupportive Data or an Untestable Theory?” Journal of Counseling Psychology 34(1):103–107. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.34.1.103.

Sturt, Jackie, Saima Ali, Wendy Robertson, David Metcalfe, Amy Grove, Claire Bourne, and Chris Bridle. 2012. “Neurolinguistic Programming: A Systematic Review of the Effects on Health Outcomes.” British Journal of General Practice 62(604):e757–e764. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp12X658287.

Sujarwo, Wawan, Giulia Caneva, and Valerio Zuccarello. 2020. “Patterns of Plant Use in Religious Offerings in Bali (Indonesia).” Acta Botanica Brasilica 34(1):40–53. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062019abb0110.

Surpi, Ni Kadek. 2020. “Śivagrha (Prambanan Temple) as an Archetype of Hindu Theology in Nusantara: An Endeavor to Discover Hindu Theological Knowledge through Ancient Temple Heritage.” Analisa: Journal of Social Science and Religion 5(1):107–122. https://doi.org/10.18784/analisa.v5i1.1024.

Tosey, Paul, and Jane Mathison. 2010. “Neuro-Linguistic Programming as an Innovation in Education and Teaching.” Innovations in Education and Teaching International 47(3):317–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2010.498183.

Vickers, Andrew. 2001. “Hypnosis and Relaxation Therapies.” Western Journal of Medicine 175(4):269–272. https://doi.org/10.1136/ewjm.175.4.269.

Williamson, Ann. 2019. “What Is Hypnosis and How Might It Work?” Palliative Care: Research and Treatment 12:1178224219826581. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178224219826581.

Witkowski, Tomasz. 2010. “Thirty-Five Years of Research on Neuro-Linguistic Programming: NLP Research Data Base—State of the Art or Pseudoscientific Decoration?” Polish Psychological Bulletin 41(2):58–66. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10059-010-0008-0.

Zahedi, Anoushiravan, Steven Jay Lynn, and Werner Sommer. 2024. “How Hypnotic Suggestions Work: A Systematic Review of Prominent Theories of Hypnosis.” Consciousness and Cognition 123:103730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2024.103730.

Downloads

Published

2026-07-30

How to Cite

Suandewa, I. G. L. A., Ananda, I. N., & Wiguna, I. M. A. (2026). Hypno-NLP in Hindu Theological Education: Institutional Rationale, Cultural Adaptation, and Stakeholder Perceptions in Bali. Jurnal Sosiologi Agama Indonesia (JSAI), 7(2), 435–450. https://doi.org/10.22373/jsai.v7i2.10230

Issue

Section

Research Articles