Subaltern Testimony and Necropolitical Sovereignty in Shadia al-Zoubi’s Aradna al-Hurriyyah'

Shahadat al-Tabi‘ wa al-Siyadah al-Nikrusiyasiyyah fi “Aradna al-Hurriyyah” li-Shadiyah al-Zu‘bi

Authors

  • Ahmad Fauzi Simatupang Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
  • Achmad Syafri Maulana Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22373/nahdah.v6i2.10213

Keywords:

Subalternity , Necropolitics , Literary Criticism , Arabic Testimonial Literature, Syrian Literature

Abstract

This study examines Aradna al-Hurriyah by Shadia al-Zoubi from a postcolonial perspective by employing Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's theory of Subalternity and Achille Mbembe's concept of Necropolitics. It aims to investigate the mechanisms of oppressive sovereignty in Syria and the forms of resistance articulated by subaltern subjects within testimonial literature. The study adopts a descriptive qualitative method, utilizing close reading and qualitative content analysis. The primary data consist of narratives, phrases, and linguistic expressions that represent violence, dehumanization, and freedom in the text. The findings reveal that the Syrian regime exercises internal colonialism through indiscriminate shootings, the bombing of civilian infrastructure, arbitrary detention, and the use of chemical weapons as instruments of necropolitical control. The analysis further demonstrates that testimonial narrative not only represents the lived experiences of subaltern suffering but also constitutes a space of political articulation through which silenced subjects are transformed into agents capable of renegotiating relations of power under conditions of state violence. These findings extend existing scholarship on Syrian testimonial literature by demonstrating the interconnection between subaltern experience, necropolitical governance, and the reconstruction of identity within a unified postcolonial analytical framework. Consequently, this study argues that testimonial literature functions not merely as a representation of wartime suffering but also as a medium for restoring human dignity, collective memory, and the sovereignty of identity while serving as a form of resistance to oppressive power.

 

تتناول هذه الدراسة رواية "أردنا الحرية"  للكاتبة شادية الزعبي من منظور ما بعد الاستعمار، مستندةً إلى نظرية التابع (Subalternity) عند غاياتري تشاكرافورتي سبيفاك ومفهوم السياسات الموتية (Necropolitics) لدى أشيل مبيمبي. وتهدف إلى الكشف عن آليات السيادة القمعية في سوريا، وأشكال المقاومة التي يعبر عنها التابعون في أدب الشهادة. واعتمدت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي النوعي من خلال القراءة الدقيقة (Close Reading) وتحليل المحتوى الكيفي. وتمثلت البيانات الرئيسة في السرديات والعبارات والتعبيرات اللغوية التي تمثل العنف ونزع الإنسانية والحرية داخل النص. وأظهرت النتائج أن النظام السوري يمارس شكلاً من أشكال الاستعمار الداخلي عبر إطلاق النار العشوائي، وقصف البنية التحتية المدنية، والاعتقال التعسفي، واستخدام الأسلحة الكيميائية بوصفها أدوات للسيطرة السياسات الموتية. كما بين التحليل أن السرد الشهادي لا يقتصر على تمثيل معاناة التابعين، بل يشكل فضاءً للتعبير السياسي تتحول فيه الذوات المهمشة والمقموعـة إلى فواعل قادرة على إعادة التفاوض بشأن علاقات السلطة في ظل عنف الدولة. وتسهم هذه النتائج في توسيع آفاق دراسة الأدب الشهادي السوري من خلال إبراز الترابط بين تجربة التابع، وآليات السياسات الموتية، وإعادة تشكل الهوية ضمن إطار تحليلي موحد يستند إلى دراسات ما بعد الاستعمار. وتخلص الدراسة إلى أن أدب الشهادة لا يؤدي وظيفة تمثيل معاناة ضحايا الحرب فحسب، بل يشكل أيضاً وسيلة لاستعادة الكرامة الإنسانية، والذاكرة الجمعية، وسيادة الهوية، فضلاً عن كونه ممارسةً مقاومةً في مواجهة السلطة القمعية.

 

Penelitian ini mengkaji Aradna al-Hurriyah karya Shadia al-Zoubi melalui perspektif poskolonial dengan menggunakan teori Subalternitas Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak dan konsep Nekropolitik Achille Mbembe. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkap mekanisme kedaulatan represif di Suriah serta bentuk-bentuk perlawanan yang diekspresikan oleh subjek subaltern dalam sastra kesaksian. Penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik close reading dan analisis isi kualitatif. Data primer berupa narasi, frasa, dan ungkapan linguistik yang merepresentasikan kekerasan, dehumanisasi, dan kebebasan dalam teks. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rezim Suriah menjalankan praktik kolonialisme internal melalui penembakan membabi buta, pengeboman infrastruktur sipil, penahanan sewenang-wenang, serta penggunaan senjata kimia sebagai instrumen kontrol nekropolitik. Analisis juga memperlihatkan bahwa narasi kesaksian tidak hanya merepresentasikan pengalaman penderitaan subaltern, tetapi sekaligus membentuk ruang artikulasi politik yang mentransformasikan posisi subjek yang dibungkam menjadi agensi yang mampu menegosiasikan kembali relasi kuasa dalam konteks kekerasan negara. Temuan tersebut memperluas pembacaan terhadap sastra kesaksian Suriah dengan memperlihatkan keterkaitan antara pengalaman subaltern, mekanisme nekropolitik, dan proses rekonstruksi identitas dalam satu kerangka analisis poskolonial. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa sastra kesaksian berfungsi sebagai medium restorasi martabat kemanusiaan, memori kolektif, dan kedaulatan identitas di tengah kekerasan serta represi sistemik.

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Nurchalis, N., Zulhelmi, A., Sidiq, H. P., Zahra, P. F., & Rifqi, K. (2024). العناصر الداخلية في قصيدة “تقدموا” لسميح القاسم: Al-Anasir al-Dakhiliyyah fi Qasidah “Taqaddamu” li Samih al-Qasim. Diwan: Jurnal Bahasa Dan Sastra Arab, 10(1), 26–39. https://doi.org/10.24252/diwan.v10i1.32661

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Saber, D., & Rahman al-Jaloud, A. (2024). The Syrian Archive Digital Memory Project: Archiving as Testimony, as Evidence, as Creative Practice. Visual Anthropology, 37(1), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/08949468.2023.2285215

Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. Pantheon Books.

Spivak, G. C. (1988). Can Subaltern Speak? Wedge Publishing Foundation, 124.

Syarifuddin, Sofyan, F., Trisnady, I. A., Rinahayu, N., A’la, A. F., & Soraya, C. R. (2026). Representing Post-Tsunami Acehnese Identity in Tere Liye’s Hafalan Shalat Delisa: A Stuart Hall Perspective. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 6(1), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.22373/nahdah.v6i1.8675

Tapan, M. G., Demirel, A. C., Katmer, A. N., & Yaşar, M. R. (2026). Survival experiences of Sednaya Prison survivors: A qualitative study in Türkiye. Punishment & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/14624745261428578

UNHCR. (2021). Syria Refugee Crisis: 10 Years On. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

Wardah, Y. S., & Surur, M. (2025). Gender Discrimination in The Drama Series The Exchange: A Sara Mills Critical Discourse Analysis. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 5(1), 129–153. https://doi.org/10.22373/nahdah.v5i1.6543

A’la, A. F. (2025). Orientalist Discourse in Najib Mahfouzh’s Short Story Finjanu-Shay: Analysis of Orientalism by Edward W. Said. Jurnal Bahasa Dan Sastra Pusaka Cendekia, 1(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.65427/puscen.v1i1.4

Ab Rashid, R., Al-Ramahi, R., Harb alQaryouti, M., & Al-Smadi, O. A. (2025). Figurative Language as Identity Work: A Discourse Analysis of Syrian Refugee Narratives. SAGE Open, 15(4), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251395388

Al-Kassimi, K. (2025). The Necropolitics of a Secular International Order: Western Modernity, Arab-Muselmann, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Cogent Social Sciences, 11(1), 2524006. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2025.2524006

Al-leimon, O., Saadeh, M., Ghaibeh, A., & Elzamzamy, K. (2025). Wounds beyond bars: Reflecting on the urgent need for psychological support and interventions in the aftermath of Syria’s regime collapse. BJPsych International, 22(4), 142–144. https://doi.org/10.1192/bji.2025.10047

Alhayek, K. (2025). Digital empowering positivity: Syrian women’s counter-discourse for resistance and healing. Journal of Multicultural Discourses, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/17447143.2025.2563215

Baker, J. (2025). The Syrian Prison: From Autobiography to the Creation of Identity. In D. Erbil, A. Rigney, & C. Vlessing (Eds.), Remembering Contentious Lives (pp. 185–200). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73450-2_8

Bandak, A., Crone, C. A., & Mollerup, N. G. (2024). Re-Collections: Images Beyond the Archive. Visual Anthropology, 37(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/08949468.2023.2285211

Bhabha, H. K. (1994). The Location of Culture. Routledge.

Cahaya, S. (2026). Deconstruction of Patriarchal Construction: An Islamic Gender Analysis of Laysa Lahā Makān fī Al-Jannah. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 6(1), 101–113. https://doi.org/10.22373/nahdah.v6i1.8870

Crone, C. A., & Mollerup, N. G. (2024). From uncanny to sensible pasts: Temporal reorderings in Syrian documentaries. History and Anthropology. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757206.2024.2346888

Fajri, A. (2025). Rhetorical study of ideological representation in public discourse: A critical analysis of socio-cultural discourse. Jurnal Bahasa Dan Sastra Pusaka Cendekia, 1(1), 61–71. https://doi.org/10.65427/puscen.v1i1.6

Fanon R., F. A.-P. (1963). The Wretched of the Earth. Grove Press.

Hasri, I., Berdan, A., Mus, I., Trisnady, I. A., & Sumardi. (2025). Samih Al-Qasim’s Poem Kama Nasya’ as a Representation of Palestinian Social Reality: A Sociology of Literature Study. Jurnal Bahasa Dan Sastra Pusaka Cendekia, 1(3), 137–142. https://doi.org/10.65427/puscen.v1i3.17

Herremans, B., & Ghoutouk, L. (2025). Presencing the Disappeared in Syria. Journal of Human Rights Practice, 17(3), huaf017. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huaf017

Hikmah, M. W., & Purnamawati, Z. (2026). Stylistic Devices of Social Criticism in the Poetry of Gus Mus and Hasan al-Zaky. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 6(1), 114–133. https://doi.org/10.22373/nahdah.v6i1.8280

International, A. (2017). Human Slaughterhouse: Mass Hangings and Extermination at Saydnaya Prison, Syria. Amnesty International Publications.

Khatibi, A. (1983). Maghreb Pluriel. Éditions Denoël.

Loomba, A. (2015). Colonialism/Postcolonialism. Routledge.

Mbembe, A. (2003). Necropolitics. Public Culture, 15(1), 11–40.

Mulyadi, M. I., Shaliha, C. A. A., Jafar, A., Azhari, & Fajri, A. (2025). How Arabic Media Construct Armed Conflict: A Corpus-Driven Concordance Analysis. Jurnal Bahasa Dan Sastra Pusaka Cendekia, 1(3), 114–126. https://doi.org/10.65427/puscen.v1i3.15

Nazar, M., Febrianisa, S., & Karomah, S. (2026). Symbolic Resistance of the Subaltern in Palestine in the Novel Rijāl fī Asy-Syams by Ghassan Kanafani: Postcolonial Approach of Gayatri C. Spivak. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 6(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.22373/nahdah.v6i1.7792

Nurchalis, N., Zulhelmi, A., Sidiq, H. P., Zahra, P. F., & Rifqi, K. (2024). العناصر الداخلية في قصيدة “تقدموا” لسميح القاسم: Al-Anasir al-Dakhiliyyah fi Qasidah “Taqaddamu” li Samih al-Qasim. Diwan: Jurnal Bahasa Dan Sastra Arab, 10(1), 26–39. https://doi.org/10.24252/diwan.v10i1.32661

Rommes, E., & Chaer, N. (2024). Counter-narratives against hardships among Syrian refugee youth and parents. Transcultural Psychiatry, 61(1), 70–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/13634615231191993

Saber, D., & Rahman al-Jaloud, A. (2024). The Syrian Archive Digital Memory Project: Archiving as Testimony, as Evidence, as Creative Practice. Visual Anthropology, 37(1), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/08949468.2023.2285215

Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. Pantheon Books.

Spivak, G. C. (1988). Can Subaltern Speak? Wedge Publishing Foundation, 124.

Syarifuddin, Sofyan, F., Trisnady, I. A., Rinahayu, N., A’la, A. F., & Soraya, C. R. (2026). Representing Post-Tsunami Acehnese Identity in Tere Liye’s Hafalan Shalat Delisa: A Stuart Hall Perspective. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 6(1), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.22373/nahdah.v6i1.8675

Tapan, M. G., Demirel, A. C., Katmer, A. N., & Yaşar, M. R. (2026). Survival experiences of Sednaya Prison survivors: A qualitative study in Türkiye. Punishment & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/14624745261428578

UNHCR. (2021). Syria Refugee Crisis: 10 Years On. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

Wardah, Y. S., & Surur, M. (2025). Gender Discrimination in The Drama Series The Exchange: A Sara Mills Critical Discourse Analysis. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 5(1), 129–153. https://doi.org/10.22373/nahdah.v5i1.6543

Al-Zu‘bi, Shadiyah. (2024). Aradna al-Hurriyyah. Mu’assasat al-Faraḥ.

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Published

2026-08-09

How to Cite

Simatupang, A. F., & Achmad Syafri Maulana. (2026). Subaltern Testimony and Necropolitical Sovereignty in Shadia al-Zoubi’s Aradna al-Hurriyyah’: Shahadat al-Tabi‘ wa al-Siyadah al-Nikrusiyasiyyah fi “Aradna al-Hurriyyah” li-Shadiyah al-Zu‘bi. An-Nahdah Al-’Arabiyah, 6(2), 278–297. https://doi.org/10.22373/nahdah.v6i2.10213

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