Complaint Offense in Cohabitation Regulation Under Law No. 1 of 2023: An Analysis of Criminal Law and Fiqh Jinayah

Susi Amanda; Abdul Jalil Salam; Nurul Fithria; Manuel Beltrán Genovés

doi:10.22373/db0g3r33

Authors

Susi Amanda Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh
Abdul Jalil Salam Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Nurul Fithria Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Manuel Beltrán Genovés Autonomous University of Madrid

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22373/db0g3r33

Keywords:

Cohabitation, Complaint, Article 412 Of The Criminal Code, Fiqh Jinayah, Effectiveness Of Criminal Law

Abstract

Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code fills the legal void (rechtsvacuum) that has been attached to the act of cohabitation without a valid marital bond through the criminalization of cohabitation in Article 412, as a manifestation of the philosophical foundation of Pancasila which places the values of religiosity and social order as a foothold for national criminal law reform. However, the construction of an absolute complaint deliction in the article, with the limitation of the complainant's subject to husband, wife, parents, or children and the flexibility to withdraw complaints, raises policy ambivalence that questions the consistency of the direction of criminalization as well as the effectiveness of its enforcement. This research aims to answer three problems: first, how the cohabitation arrangement is constructed in Article 412; second, how the complaint mechanism affects the effectiveness of law enforcement from the perspective of legal certainty, preventive function, and equality before the law; and third, how the complaint system is analyzed from the perspective of jidaya fiqh. This research uses normative juridical methods with conceptual and comparative approaches, utilizing primary legal materials in the form of laws and regulations and verses of the Qur'an, as well as secondary legal materials in the form of fiqh jinayah literature and siyasah syar'iyyah, which are collected through literature studies and analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study show that Article 412 constructs cohabitation as a formal criminal act whose prosecution is absolutely dependent on the subjective will of the complainant, thus giving birth to a policy paradox that weakens the certainty of enforcement, preventive functions, and the principle of legal equality. From the point of view of fiqh jinayah, this system of complaint delik is structurally in accordance with the character of jarimah ta'zir which is in harmony with the principles of sitr al-'aib and hifz al-'irdh, but still leaves a conceptual tension between privateinterests and collective interests within the authority of ulil amri. This study concludes that the effectiveness of Article 412 is largely determined by the design of the enforcement mechanism, not just the formulation of the norms.

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