The Relevance of Ibn Khaldun Concept of ’Ashabiyah to the Advancement of Science During the Mamluk Dynasty: Relevansi Konsep ‘Ashabiyah Ibn Khaldun dalam Perkembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan Pada Masa Dinasti Mamluk. Indonesian Journal of Islamic History and Culture, v. 7, n. 1, p. 31–39, 31 May2026.