TUMA'NĪINAH AS AN ELEMENT OF THE ACT OF SALAH PRAYER

Comparison of Opinions of the Ḥanafī and al-Syāfi‘ī Schools

Abstract

According to Ḥanafyyah scholars, ṭuma'nīnah is sunnah, so it is valid to perform Salah without it. On the other hand, Syāfi'iyyah scholars state that ṭuma'nīnah is a pillar of Salah, so the prayer without ṭuma'nīnah is invalid. Based on fiqh literature, this issue falls into the category of hukm al-waḍ‘ī, where differences of opinion occur due to different patterns of reasoning. Therefore, the author examines it by formulating two research problems: (1) What do Ḥanafiyyah and Syāfi'iyyah ulemas think about ṭuma'nīnah as an element of legal action in prayer? (2) How do Ḥanafiyyah and Syāfi'iyyah ulemas apply logical reasoning in this case? It found that the ulemas of Ḥanafī school of thought adhered to direct textual knowledge that a priori ('ilm ḍarūrī) because the right of Allah must established based on definite arguments (qaṭ'ī). The Ḥanafiyyah ulemas only used verses from the Qur'an as evidence for the pillars of prayer and abandoned the Hadith Ahad because the Hadith Ahad did not produce 'ilm ḍarūrī. Meanwhile, Syāfi'iyyah ulemas consider that direct textual knowledge resulted from the ijtihad process, so it is a posteriori ('ilm muktasab). Therefore, in determining tuma'nīnah as the pillars of the Salah prayer, the Syāfi'iyyah ulemas use the Hadith Ahad to explain the Qur'anic verses. It found that the verses of the Qur'an do not textually determine the pillars of the Salah prayer because the words qiyam, qira'ah, rukuk, and sujud refer to the whole of Salah. It concluded that the legal status of tuma'nīnah as a legal act is determined based on the Al-Qur'an and Hadith.